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@@ -41,7 +41,92 @@ Terms encountered in Chinese-English translation of Dharma study materials. Thes
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- Poetry/prayer blocks: Chinese uses parallel structures (感恩... 感恩...; 愿... 愿...). English must match the parallelism.
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- 愿 (yuàn) at sentence start = optative "May..." — not "we hope that", not "we should".
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## Formatting artifacts
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- Stray spaces between Chinese characters (eg. `感 恩 研 究`) are justified-text paste artifacts from the source document — remove them.
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- `<!-- === Progress : Below are unprocessed === -->` is a processing marker — remove from final file.
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## Terms from 人生百问 review
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Terms encountered in the *人生百问* review that deserve explicit guidance.
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These supplement the general table above.
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| Chinese | English | Pitfalls / notes |
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|---|---|---|
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| 皈依三宝 | take refuge in the Three Jewels | DoT定稿 preferred. Avoid "take refuge hastily" — use "take refuge lightly" |
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| 三级修学 | Three-Stage Practice | DoT定稿. Not "Three-Level Study Program" |
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| 同喜班 | Tongxi Class | MPI convention; verify if glossary requires translation |
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| 人生佛教 | Buddhism for Human Life | Do not conflate with 人间佛教 / Humanistic Buddhism |
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| 人间佛教 | Humanistic Buddhism | Distinct from 人生佛教 |
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| 善知识 | wise teacher / great teacher / authentic teacher | Avoid redundant "great wise teachers" |
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| 大善知识 | great teacher / wise teacher | Redundant to render as "great wise teacher" |
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| 依止 | reliance / rely on | "reliance relationship" is awkward; prefer "teacher-student relationship" or "rely on" |
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| 报身 | reward body / enjoyment body | Verify target convention; MPI often prefers "reward body" (Skt. *sambhogakāya*) |
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| 化身 | transformation body / emanation body | Verify target convention |
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| 等流果 | result of equal outflow / correlative effect | Avoid ad-hoc "continuative result" |
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| 末法 | Dharma-ending age / Age of Dharma Decline | Check terms DB; avoid new coinages |
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| 暇满 | precious human life / leisure and endowment | "Well-endowed Human Form" is formal |
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| 暇满人身 | precious human body / well-endowed human form | Context-dependent |
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| 定课 | daily practice / fixed chanting session / daily recitation | Context-dependent; check terms DB |
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| 八步骤三种禅修 | Eight Steps and Three Types of Meditation | DoT定稿. Not "Three Kinds of Meditation" |
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| 八步三禅 | Eight Steps and Three Meditations | Shorter form; verify convention |
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| 功德 | merit / virtue | Context-dependent; do not default to "merit and virtue" |
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| 福田 | field of merit / field of blessing | Standard |
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| 止观 | śamatha-vipaśyanā / calm abiding and special insight | In lists: "śamatha-vipaśyanā" |
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| 皈依 | refuge / take refuge | In catalogues: noun form "refuge" |
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| 发心 | bodhicitta / aspiration / arousing the mind | In catalogues: noun form "aspiration" |
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| 戒律 | precepts / moral discipline | In catalogues: noun form "precepts" |
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| 正见 | right view | In catalogues: noun form "right view" |
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| 五戒 | five precepts | Standard |
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| 惑业 | delusion and karma | Not "confusion and karma" |
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| 大自在 | great freedom and ease | "Great freedom" alone loses the "ease" nuance |
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| 开启 | awaken / bring forth / unfold | Not "opened up" |
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| 迷惑 | delusion | In Buddhist contexts, not "confusion" |
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| 凡夫心 | mind of an ordinary being | Avoid Chan "ordinary mind" ambiguity |
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| 加持 | blessing / empowerment | "empowers one another" loses nuance; "supports and blesses one another" |
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| 四力 (忏悔) | four powers (of confession) | Standard: remorse, support, restraint, refuge/reliance |
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| 无缘大慈 | unconditional great compassion | Standard |
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| 同体大悲 | great sympathy of seeing others as oneself | Standard |
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| 人成即佛成 | When a Human Is Perfected, Buddhahood Is Perfected | Standard rendering |
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| 登地菩萨 | bodhisattva who has attained the grounds | Standard |
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| 弟子相 | marks of a disciple | Standard |
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| 自他相换 | exchanging self and others | Standard |
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| 明心见性 | clear the mind and see the nature | "Clear mind and seeing the nature" is slightly off |
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| 言语道断，心行处灭 | Where words fall silent and mental activity ceases | "Words are cut off" is too literal |
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| 无住生心 | arouse the mind without attachment | Standard |
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| 诸法如实相 | true suchness of all phenomena | Standard |
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| 颠倒梦想 | inverted dreams | Standard |
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| 颠倒妄想 | deluded inversion | Standard |
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| 十二因缘 | Twelve Links of Dependent Origination | Standard |
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| 无我 | no-self / anatman | Standard |
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| 我法二执 | attachment to self and dharmas | Standard |
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| 三性 (遍计所执性 / 依他起性 / 圆成实性) | three natures: falsely conceived, dependent, perfectly realized | Standard |
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| 末那 | Manas | Standard (Consciousness-Only) |
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| 阿赖耶 | Alaya | Standard (Consciousness-Only) |
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| 唯识 | Consciousness-Only | Standard |
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| 唯识三十论 | Thirty Verses on Consciousness-Only | Standard |
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| 认识与存在 | Cognition and Existence | Verify if this is a published translation title |
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| 三果 | third fruit / anāgāmi | Standard |
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| 现报 / 生报 / 后报 | reward in this life / next life / future life | "present reward, next-life reward, later reward" is acceptable but less standard |
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| 中观 | Madhyamaka | Standard |
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| 天台 | Tiantai | Standard |
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| 一念三千 | three thousand realms in a single thought | Standard (Tiantai) |
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| 三传 | Theravada / Chinese Buddhism / Tibetan Buddhism | Standard |
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| 南传 | Theravada | Standard |
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| 汉传 | Chinese Buddhism | Standard |
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| 藏传 | Tibetan Buddhism | Standard |
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| 佛陀出世的本怀 | Buddha's original purpose in appearing in the world | Standard |
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| 契理契机 | accordant with principle and adapted to the times | Standard |
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| 正本清源 | return to the source and clarify what is truly central | Standard |
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| 随缘 | responding to conditions / in harmony with conditions | Context-dependent |
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| 随喜 | rejoice | Standard |
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| 善知识 | wise teacher / good teacher / authentic teacher | Avoid "great wise teachers" |
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| 定课 | daily practice / fixed chanting session | Context-dependent |
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{% The following terms already appear in the "Key Buddhist terms" table above; they are retained here only when the 人生百问 review adds distinct guidance. %}
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| 法义 | Dharma teachings / understanding | Consistency within a document matters |
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| 闻思修 | hearing, contemplating, cultivating | 修 is broad cultivation, not just meditation |
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| 传帮带 | transmit, help, guide | Three-part mentoring |
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| 分灯 | lamp-dividing | Decentralization of authority |
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| 自觉 | self-awareness / voluntary commitment | First of the "Three Spirits" |
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| 法治 | rule-based governance | Second of the "Three Spirits" |
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| 无我利他 | selfless service to others | Third of the "Three Spirits" |
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| 重要感、优越感、主宰欲 | sense of importance, superiority, desire to control | Three ego-driven motivations |
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