integrate the skills
split the review skills into self- and other- the self- variant makes informational comments the other- variant makes nice comments Google docs is a failure
This commit is contained in:
iacore
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# Buddhist Text Translation — Terminology
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Terms encountered in Chinese-English translation of Dharma study materials. These may vary by translator/context; document actual usage per-project.
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## Section headers (common triad)
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| Chinese | English options seen | Notes |
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|---------|---------------------|-------|
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| 法义 | Understanding, Dharma Teachings | |
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| 思考 | Contemplation, Reflection | Consistency within a document matters more than which word |
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| 练习 | Practice, Application, Exercises | "Application" seen as section header; "Practice"/"Exercise" in running text |
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## Key Buddhist terms
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| Chinese | English | Pitfalls |
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|---------|---------|----------|
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| 慈经 | Metta Sutta (Karaniya Metta Sutta) | NOT "Mettavihari Sutta" |
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| 回向 | Dedication (of merit) | |
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| 因缘之网 | Web of Causes and Conditions | Also "Network of Causes and Conditions" |
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| 感恩 | Gratitude | |
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| 众生 | sentient beings | Consistent throughout |
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| 使人内心调柔 | makes one's heart gentle | 使人 = makes ONE(self), never "makes others" |
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| 利益思维 | benefit-oriented thinking | NOT "mindset of benefiting others" — it's about considering benefits TO oneself |
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| 恩田 | field of gratitude / gratitude as a field of merit | |
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| 观照 | attend to the mind / mindful observation | Contemplative practice, not intellectual study. NOT "observe" (passive) or "study" (analytical). |
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| 闻思修 | hearing, contemplating, cultivating | 修 = broad cultivation/practice, not specifically 禅 (meditation). Distinct from 禅修 (meditative cultivation). |
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| 八步三禅 | Eight Steps and Three Meditations | Community-specific structured contemplative method |
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| 传帮带 | transmit, help, guide (three-part mentoring) | Core community methodology |
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| 分灯 | lamp-dividing (decentralization) | Deliberate decentralization of authority across nodes |
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| 自觉 | self-awareness, voluntary commitment | First of the "Three Spirits" |
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| 法治 | rule-based governance | Second of the "Three Spirits" |
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| 无我利他 | selfless service to others | Third of the "Three Spirits" |
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| 凡夫心 | ordinary mind | Mind governed by afflictions, contrasted with awakened mind |
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| 贪嗔痴 | greed, anger, ignorance (三毒) | The three root poisons: rāga, dveṣa, moha |
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| 愿心 | mind of vows, bodhicitta aspiration | Plural "vows" in English |
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| 重要感、优越感、主宰欲 | sense of importance, superiority, desire to control | Three ego-driven motivations |
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## Structural patterns
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- Section numbering: Chinese uses 一、二、三... English should pick one style (Part One/Two, First/Second, I/II) and stick with it.
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- Poetry/prayer blocks: Chinese uses parallel structures (感恩... 感恩...; 愿... 愿...). English must match the parallelism.
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- 愿 (yuàn) at sentence start = optative "May..." — not "we hope that", not "we should".
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## Formatting artifacts
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- Stray spaces between Chinese characters (eg. `感 恩 研 究`) are justified-text paste artifacts from the source document — remove them.
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- `<!-- === Progress : Below are unprocessed === -->` is a processing marker — remove from final file.
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# Common Translation Issues Taxonomy
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From 译文常见问题与案例示范 (Common Issues in Translation, 2026-03-30).
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Categorized by accuracy and readability.
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## Accuracy Issues
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Standard: convey meaning at the content level, not word-by-word correspondence.
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"Translation is not simply word conversion."
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"You must understand what thought it is actually trying to express."
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### 1. Omission (漏翻)
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Content present in source but absent from target.
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Example:
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> 随着黑白牌的运用，象征这部分已能为大家提供系统的学习和训练资料。
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>
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> With the help of the Black-and-White Cards, this approach now offers a structured
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> system of study.
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>
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> *Missing:* 学习和训练 (learning and training) — "study" only covers half.
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> Also: 象征这部分 (symbolizing this aspect) is dropped.
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### 2. Mistranslation (错翻)
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#### a. Over-free translation, weakening the original
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> "道德"一词，人们耳熟能详。即使在道德日渐边缘化的今天，人们依然会用"这人
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> 很有道德""这么做太缺德了"来评价周遭人事。
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>
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> "Morality" is a familiar term, and even in today's world, where it has become
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> increasingly marginalized, expressions like "immorality" are still commonly used
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> to describe certain behaviors and individuals.
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>
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> *Issue:* The source gives two concrete colloquial expressions ("这人很有道德" /
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> "这么做太缺德了") — the target collapses them into a single abstract "expressions
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> like 'immorality'." The vividness and specificity are lost.
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#### b. Over-literal translation, harming comprehension
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> 作为素菜馆，应该尽量提供绿色食品。
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>
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> A vegetarian restaurant should strive to offer green food.
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>
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> *Issue:* 绿色食品 = "safe and healthy food" (Chinese idiom), not
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> "green food" (color of food in English). → `safe and healthy options`
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#### c. Misunderstanding the source
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> 政府现在倡导文化自信，习主席提出的"讲仁爱，重民本，守诚信，崇正义，尚和合，求大同"。
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>
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> President Xi Jinping has called for a confident embrace of Chinese culture,
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> highlighting virtues such as...
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>
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> *Issue:* Two different subjects: the government advocates cultural confidence;
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> Xi proposed the six virtues. The target merges both into Xi alone.
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#### d. Wrong word choice causing misunderstanding
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> 提供一些通俗易懂的法宝
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>
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> with easy Buddhist materials
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>
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> *Issue:* 通俗易懂 means "accessible to a general audience," not "easy/simple."
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> The Dharma can be accessible but is never "simple." → `accessible`
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### 3. Overtranslation (多翻)
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Adding parentheticals or expansions not in the source.
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> 出家人不仅要对三宝、师长、道友建立没有染污的情感
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>
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> Monastics should cultivate pure and untainted emotions not only toward the Three
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> Jewels (the Buddha, the Dharma, the Sangha), their teachers (The Head Monk and
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> Abbot), and fellow practitioners...
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>
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> *Issue:* Parenthetical expansions like "(the Buddha, the Dharma, the Sangha)"
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> and "(The Head Monk and Abbot)" are not in the source and should be removed.
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### 4. Terminology Errors
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- 身心 → `body and heart mind` → should be `body and mind`
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- 甘露别院 → `Ganlu Bieyuan The Amrita Retreat Center` → official: `Amrita Retreat Center`
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- "六字" → `six characters` → should be `six words`
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### 5. Detail-Level Issues
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- Tone appropriateness
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- Citation source authority
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- CN→EN conversion rules: numerals, units, date formats
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- Proper noun handling: transliteration vs. translation
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## Readability Issues
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Standard: fluent sentences, graceful expression, matching target reader habits.
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"Conform to what foreign readers find readable."
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"Concise, clear, accurate, not draggy, meaning clear."
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### 1. Redundancy & Wordiness
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#### a. Long / nested sentences
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Sentences with too many clauses that can't be read in one breath. Split them.
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#### b. Passive voice overuse
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> 如果对肉食消费得少，乃至完全不消费，那么从业者自然随之减少，很多动物就可以摆脱被屠宰、割截的厄运。
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>
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> If meat consumption were reduced, or even eliminated entirely, then the number of
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> businesses involved would naturally be lessened. This way, many animals could be
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> spared from the adversity of being slaughtered and butchered.
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>
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> *Issue:* Three passives in two sentences. Active rewrite is more concise:
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> *If people consume less meat — or none at all — fewer will work in the industry,
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> and many animals will be spared the fate of slaughter and dismemberment.*
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#### c. Nominalization (动词名词化)
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> 我们前期倡导的正念禅修，比较重视培养觉知。
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>
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> In the early stages of mindfulness practice, we placed greater emphasis on
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> cultivating awareness.
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>
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> *Issue:* "placed greater emphasis on" is nominalized. → `we emphasized`
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### 2. Poor Structure (结构不当)
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Top-heavy sentences — the main clause arrives too late.
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> 没有如法的生活，不能严格要求自己，在今天这个红尘滚滚的时代，我们简直是没希望的。
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>
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> Weathering today's deluge of worldly temptation, without a Dharma-aligned lifestyle
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> and strict self-discipline, we have no hope.
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>
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> *Issue:* The condition clauses pile up before the main point. Restructure:
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> *Without a Dharma-aligned lifestyle and strict self-discipline, we have no hope
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> of weathering today's deluge of worldly temptations.*
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### 3. Wrong Word Choice (用词不当)
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> 当一个人开始关心生命的大问题时，对小问题自然云淡风轻。
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>
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> when we begin to contemplate the profound questions of existence, the banal
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> iterations of daily life lose their significance.
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>
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> *Issue:* "banal iterations" is obscure. Simplify.
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### 4. Weak Flow & Transitions (流畅性 & 连接词)
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> 修行的核心就是止恶行善。为什么某种行为能成为生命的主导？就是因为不断重复。
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>
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> The essence of cultivation lies in ceasing unwholesome actions and promoting
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> wholesome ones. But why do certain behaviors dominate our lives? Because of
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> constant repetition.
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>
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> *Issue:* Adding transition words improves flow. The "But" here creates a false
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> contrast — the second sentence is explanation, not counterpoint.
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## Detection Checklist
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When reviewing, run through:
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- [ ] Any missing content? (compare paragraph-by-paragraph)
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- [ ] Any added content? (parentheticals, expansions not in source)
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- [ ] Any over-literal renderings that don't work in English? (idioms, set phrases)
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- [ ] Any over-free renderings that lose specificity? (concrete examples → abstract)
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- [ ] Subject confusion? (two actors merged into one)
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- [ ] Buddhist terminology checked against terms DB?
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- [ ] Sentences too long to read in one breath? (split at natural breaks)
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- [ ] Passive voice clustering? (3+ in a paragraph)
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- [ ] Nominalized verbs? ("placed emphasis on" → "emphasized")
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- [ ] Top-heavy sentence structure? (main clause buried after long preamble)
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- [ ] Obscure word choices? (would a general reader understand?)
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- [ ] Missing or misleading transition words?
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# Deliberation Protocol (审议规程)
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From 东方译场审议手册 (Oriental Translation Review Manual, 2026-03-25).
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Guidance from Ven. Jiqun on translation review culture and process.
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## Core Standards
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1. **Accuracy (准确性)** — primary. Convey content-level meaning, not word-by-word
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correspondence. Deepen accuracy iteratively; grasp the "inner spirit" rather than
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fixating on literal vs free translation.
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2. **Readability (可读性)** — secondary. Fluent sentences, graceful expression. Do
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not pursue endless revision; what is achievable now is the best for now.
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**Test**: invite 5–10 readers to read aloud and give feedback — is it clear or
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obscure? Is it concise? Is the meaning clear?
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## Decision-Making
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When opinions differ:
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- Compare which version is more accurate and more readable
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- Do NOT cling to your own view (不执着于己见)
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- If two people cannot decide, invite 5–10 to read and vote
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- Remember: the translation is for the READERS, not for yourself
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## Core Principle: Rejoice First (随喜)
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Before flagging issues, affirm what is good. Professional translation companies
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emphasize positive feedback to build translator confidence and good collaboration.
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Criticism alone — however precise — breeds resistance and harms the final result.
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In the Oriental Translation Workshop, rejoicing in others' merits cultivates
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sympathetic joy (随喜), compassion, selflessness, and boundless merit — while
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encouraging others' wholesome efforts.
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**Practice**: develop eyes that SEE the merits in a translation. Rejoice with
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genuine gladness. Examples:
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- "So many technical terms and complex logic here — you handled it beautifully!"
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- "This word choice is exactly right."
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- "The prose is so clean and fluid!"
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- "Excellent!" / "Good word choice!"
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## Three Principles for Giving Suggestions
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1. **Lower the self** — use compassionate, gentle, skillful language
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2. **Be diligent and attentive** — find the actual problems
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3. **Tier your suggestions** — make clear what MUST change, what COULD improve,
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and what needs DISCUSSION
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## Three-Tier Issue System
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### Level 1: Spelling, Grammar, Format (拼写、语法、格式)
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**Action**: fix directly, keep tracked changes visible.
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May annotate for translator development:
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- "MPI format uses American English — `toward` not `towards`."
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- "Use `Chan` here, not `Zen`."
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- "MPI format does not use diacritics — `Yogacara` not `Yogācāra`."
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### Level 2: Omission, Mistranslation, Wordiness, Tone, Word Choice
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(漏翻、错翻、啰嗦、语气问题、用词问题)
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**Action**: preferably flag for translator to fix themselves; may also fix
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directly with tracked changes.
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Suggested language:
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- "Did we miss something here?"
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- "This sentence is quite long — could we split it into 2–3?"
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- "The translation here differs from the original. It reads as if the teacher
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is saying X, but I think he means Y. What do you think?"
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- "This word feels a bit strong here — your thoughts?"
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- (After direct adjustment) "I tightened this sentence — does this work?"
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### Level 3: Citation Versions, Slightly Awkward Wording, Marginal Readability
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(引用版本不当、用词稍微不当、阅读体验略差)
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**Action**: flag and discuss with translator.
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Suggested language:
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- "I found another citation version that may be more concise — which do you prefer?"
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- "Could we use this word instead? Might fit better."
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- "Could you take another look at this passage? I feel readability could improve
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but I'm not sure how — your thoughts?"
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## Tone Guide
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- Address the translator as 菩萨 (Bodhisattva) — respectful peer address
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- Use questions, not commands: "Could we...?" "What do you think?" "Would this work?"
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- Frame as collaborative inquiry, not correction
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@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
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# Proofreading: Manuscript vs Typeset
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AGENTS.md defines two workflows: Translation (A) and Proofread (B).
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The workflows below are Proofread mode — English comes from an existing
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manuscript and is authoritative. Only flag mechanical/manuscript-level issues.
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## Two extraction workflows
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|
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### A. Bilingual from DOCX (standard)
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When the DOCX manuscript has both Chinese and English in 1:1 paragraph
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correspondence, generate `bilingual.dj` directly from the DOCX:
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1. `pandoc docx → plain text`
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2. Extract Chinese-English pairs from body
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3. Apply fixes: italicize Sanskrit on first occurrence, fix `N.Letter` → `N. Letter` spacing
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4. Write bilingual.dj
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The DOCX English is the authoritative target text. No PDF needed.
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**Extraction approach**: start by adapting `scripts/gen-bilingual-docx.py`.
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For articles where the body has strict CN→EN→CN→EN alternation, the simple
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extraction in that script (CN line, blank, EN line, blank) works directly.
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**Block-based extraction** (for articles with mixed ordering): when the DOCX has
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sections that order CN content before EN content (CN heading → CN body → EN heading →
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EN body), the simple alternation fails. Use block-based extraction instead:
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|
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1. Tag each non-blank line as CN or EN (via `has_cjk()`)
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2. Join page-break split paragraphs: merge consecutive same-language paragraphs
|
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only when the first is long (>30 chars), doesn't end with CJK/ASCII terminal
|
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punctuation (`[。！？：）.?!]$`), and isn't heading-like (starts with
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`^[\dIVX]+[\.\s]` and <60 chars)
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3. Group consecutive same-language items into blocks
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4. Walk blocks: for each CN block, pair with the next EN block via `zip()`.
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`min(len(cn), len(en))` handles translator-introduced paragraph splits.
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**Page-break splits in pandoc plain-text output**: the DOCX→plain conversion
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sometimes splits a Chinese paragraph mid-sentence (e.g. `白居` + `易、苏轼…`).
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These appear as two consecutive CN lines separated by a blank. The join heuristic
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above catches these reliably. For EN text, page-break splits are rare; the heading
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detection (`^[\dIVX]+[\.\s]`, <60 chars) prevents false merges of EN headings
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with following EN body paragraphs.
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The DOCX English is the authoritative target text. No PDF needed.
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### B. Bilingual from PDF (when PDF is the typeset target)
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When the PDF English is the typeset "final" version and should be the target:
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|
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1. Extract DOCX Chinese paragraphs (source)
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2. Extract PDF body text via `pdftotext -layout`
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3. Clean PDF: remove slug lines, headers, page numbers, join hyphenation breaks
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4. Match DOCX English paragraphs against PDF body to find positions
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5. Segment PDF body at matched positions
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6. Write bilingual.dj with Chinese source + PDF English target
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|
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**Pitfalls in PDF extraction:**
|
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- Consecutive hyphenation breaks (e.g. `thou-` + `sand...al-` + `leviate`) — the join
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loop must be recursive: after joining pair N, check if result still ends with `-`
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and join with line N+2
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- Lines with leading whitespace: use `lstrip()` before checking `n[0].islower()`
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- Drop-cap artifacts: `L iving` → `Living`
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- Trailing section numbers: `...viewpoints. 1)` — the ` 1)` is a PDF section marker
|
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bleeding into the previous paragraph
|
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|
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### C. Edit suggestions (edit-suggestions.dj)
|
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|
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After generating bilingual.dj, scan for issues and write `edit-suggestions.dj`:
|
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|
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**Format**: follow the original document's section/chapter layout. Group suggestions
|
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under the chapter headings where the issues occur. Use diff-style `-/+` notation.
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||||
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**What to flag:**
|
||||
- Garbled Chinese text (merged duplicate edits in source DOCX)
|
||||
- Repeated words (`the The`)
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||||
- Chapter numbering mismatches (e.g. `九` ↔ `VIII`)
|
||||
- Translator notes in headings (`（善鑫翻，妙一审）`)
|
||||
- Missing quotes around dialogue/speech
|
||||
|
||||
## Common source DOCX issues
|
||||
|
||||
- Translator notes in Chinese headings: `（某某翻，某某审）` — delete for publication
|
||||
- Merged duplicate edits: cut-paste errors where old+new text appear together
|
||||
- `N.Letter` without space: `2.How` → `2. How`
|
||||
- `the The` double article
|
||||
- **Numbering mismatches**: CN and EN headings sometimes disagree (e.g. CN `3．` vs EN `2.`).
|
||||
The TOC usually has the correct number — flag the body heading for correction.
|
||||
- **Doubled names**: `岳麓书院岳麓书院` — cut-paste artifacts in Chinese body text.
|
||||
- **EN paragraph splits without CN counterpart**: translator sometimes renders one CN
|
||||
paragraph as two EN paragraphs. The block-based extractor drops the extra EN paragraph
|
||||
(as `min(len_cn, len_en)`). Flag in edit-suggestions so it can be manually merged or
|
||||
the CN paragraph can be split.
|
||||
|
||||
## Sanskrit italicization
|
||||
|
||||
On first occurrence in body text, wrap with `*term*`. Track seen terms across
|
||||
the full body. Terms: bodhisattva, bodhicitta, samsara, Dharma, karma, nirvana,
|
||||
Sangha, sutra, Mahayana, Sravaka, Vinaya, Lamrim, Ksitigarbha, Samantabhadra,
|
||||
Chan, Arhatship, Theravada.
|
||||
|
||||
## Proofread scope boundary
|
||||
|
||||
When proofreading a DOCX manuscript:
|
||||
- **DO flag**: typos, double words, double punctuation, numbering mismatches,
|
||||
garbled text, translator notes, duplicate names, capitalization errors.
|
||||
- **Do NOT flag**: em-dash formatting (`—` vs `---`), terminology choices,
|
||||
translation style, calques, word order. The manuscript English is authoritative.
|
||||
- **Do NOT apply fixes** — write `edit-suggestions.dj` only.
|
||||
- If the user asks for translation review separately, write findings to
|
||||
`translation-findings.dj`.
|
||||
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# Terms Database Alignment
|
||||
|
||||
Batch-align translation glossary entries and body text against the MPI terms database.
|
||||
|
||||
## Module API (preferred)
|
||||
|
||||
Import directly in `execute_code` scripts — no subprocess, no server, no text parsing:
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
import sys
|
||||
sys.path.insert(0, '$MPI_PROJECT_ROOT/terms-search')
|
||||
from search import search
|
||||
|
||||
results = search("三级修学", limit=5)
|
||||
results = search("空性", loc="心经", src="DoT定稿", limit=5)
|
||||
# returns list of {zh, en, loc, source} dicts
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Batch lookup pattern
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
import sys
|
||||
sys.path.insert(0, '$MPI_PROJECT_ROOT/terms-search')
|
||||
from search import search
|
||||
|
||||
terms = ["三无漏学", "八步三禅", "闻思修", ...]
|
||||
author_sources = {"DoT定稿", "内部特色词", "佛教术语", "经论名"}
|
||||
|
||||
for term in terms:
|
||||
results = search(term, limit=10)
|
||||
relevant = [r for r in results if r["source"] in author_sources]
|
||||
for r in relevant:
|
||||
print(f"{r['zh']} → {r['en']} [{r['source']}]")
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Or filter to a single authoritative source directly:
|
||||
```python
|
||||
results = search("三级修学", src="DoT定稿", limit=5)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Priority ranking
|
||||
|
||||
When the same term has entries in multiple source tables, prefer:
|
||||
1. DoT定稿 (highest authority — final translation decisions)
|
||||
2. 内部特色词 (MPI internal terminology)
|
||||
3. 佛教术语 (general Buddhist terminology)
|
||||
4. 经论名 (sutra/shastra titles)
|
||||
|
||||
## Alignment workflow
|
||||
|
||||
1. Extract all Chinese glossary terms from `{% "TERM" ... %}` blocks in the .dj file
|
||||
2. Extract body-text domain terms that may not have glossary entries
|
||||
3. Batch-query each term against the HTTP API
|
||||
4. Filter results to authoritative source tables
|
||||
5. Compare DB canonical translation against current file translation
|
||||
6. Flag mismatches where DB entry differs materially from current
|
||||
7. Apply fixes with `patch` tool — fix both glossary comments AND body text occurrences
|
||||
8. Verify with `grep` that no old terms remain
|
||||
|
||||
## Pitfalls
|
||||
|
||||
- `replace_all` can create doubled words when the surrounding context already contains the replacement string (e.g., "The Eight Steps" → "The The Eight Steps"). Prefer targeted single-replacement patches.
|
||||
- Start patches from the bottom of the file upward to preserve line numbers.
|
||||
- Some DB entries are contextual phrases (e.g., "珍惜法缘" → a full sentence), not standalone term translations. Use standalone term entries where available.
|
||||
@@ -1,284 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# Translation Pitfalls — MPI Buddhist Texts
|
||||
|
||||
Patterns found in CN→EN translation review. Add to this file as new patterns emerge.
|
||||
|
||||
## Terminology conflation
|
||||
|
||||
### 人生佛教/人间佛教 — distinct concepts
|
||||
|
||||
人生佛教 (Taixu's "Buddhism for Human Life") and 人间佛教 (Yinshun's "Humanistic Buddhism")
|
||||
are distinct doctrinal positions in modern Chinese Buddhism. Do not conflate both into
|
||||
"Humanistic Buddhism." When the source uses 人生佛教, render as "Buddhism for Human Life"
|
||||
or "Human Life Buddhism." User may propose a deliberately non-standard rendering
|
||||
("Buddhism for daily lives") — that's their call. Don't unilaterally pick from
|
||||
the standard set without checking.
|
||||
|
||||
### 心性论 → buddha-nature (WRONG)
|
||||
|
||||
心性 (mind-nature) is broader than 佛性 (buddha-nature / tathāgatagarbha).
|
||||
When a text discusses 心性 in the context of Confucian self-cultivation or general
|
||||
Buddhist psychology, use "mind-nature" or "nature of mind." Reserve "buddha-nature"
|
||||
only when the text explicitly references tathāgatagarbha doctrine.
|
||||
|
||||
### 恨 → resentment (WRONG)
|
||||
|
||||
恨 means "hatred," not "resentment." In the triad 羡慕嫉妒恨 (envy, jealousy, hatred),
|
||||
the force is strong. "Resentment" is too mild.
|
||||
|
||||
### 感悟 → conversant / heartfelt (WRONG)
|
||||
|
||||
感悟 means experiential insight or realization. It is not intellectual familiarity
|
||||
("conversant") or emotional warmth ("heartfelt"). Render as "insight," "realization,"
|
||||
or "deep understanding."
|
||||
|
||||
### 关爱/关怀 → compassion (WRONG)
|
||||
|
||||
Chinese 关爱 and 关怀 mean "care" or "loving care." They are NOT 慈悲 (compassion / karuṇā).
|
||||
Conflating them obscures two distinct Buddhist concepts.
|
||||
|
||||
Check every occurrence of "compassion" in a translation against the source:
|
||||
- If source is 关爱/关怀 → "care"
|
||||
- If source is 慈悲 → "compassion" (correct)
|
||||
- If source is 悬壶济世 → "compassionate mission" (correct — the healing spirit)
|
||||
|
||||
### 生存层面 → making a living (WRONG)
|
||||
|
||||
生存层面 = the existential/survival dimension. Not just earning wages.
|
||||
→ "survival-level needs" or "the level of basic existence"
|
||||
|
||||
### 修学 → "practice" (drops study dimension)
|
||||
|
||||
修学 combines 修 (practice/cultivation) and 学 (study/learning). Rendering only
|
||||
as "practice" loses the study dimension. Use "practice and study" or
|
||||
"cultivation and learning" — especially in 静心学堂/Dharma study contexts where
|
||||
the academic dimension is emphasized.
|
||||
|
||||
### 信仰者 → "believers" (Christian connotation)
|
||||
|
||||
信仰者 = "people of faith" but in Buddhist context, "believers" carries Christian
|
||||
overtones. Use "practitioners" or "adherents" to avoid the implication. Reserve
|
||||
"believers" for contexts where the source explicitly uses 信徒 or where the
|
||||
Christian parallel is the point.
|
||||
|
||||
## Loss of Dharma meaning
|
||||
|
||||
### 生生增上 → continuously elevate our life (INCOMPLETE)
|
||||
|
||||
生生 = life after life (multi-life Buddhist perspective). The single-life rendering
|
||||
"continuously elevate our life" loses the Dharma meaning entirely.
|
||||
→ "continuously elevate our life, life after life"
|
||||
|
||||
## Degree / register shifts
|
||||
|
||||
### "tantamount to" drops 几乎
|
||||
|
||||
几乎 = "almost." "tantamount to" = "is in fact." Dropping 几乎 strengthens the
|
||||
claim. Source "几乎等同于一次全球化运动" = "almost equivalent to a globalization
|
||||
movement," NOT "tantamount to a globalization movement."
|
||||
|
||||
### "untenable" for 都是不行的 (overstates)
|
||||
|
||||
都是不行的 = "is not acceptable / won't do." "Untenable" = "indefensible" or
|
||||
"cannot be maintained." Too strong. Use "impermissible" or "is not acceptable."
|
||||
|
||||
### "monumental event" for 大事 (slight stretch)
|
||||
|
||||
大事 = "a major event" or "an event of importance." "Monumental" is typically
|
||||
reserved for tasks, errors, or achievements (e.g. "monumental task,"
|
||||
"monumental mistake"). "Event of great importance" or "landmark event" is more
|
||||
idiomatic.
|
||||
|
||||
### "perennial" for 永恒 (wrong register)
|
||||
|
||||
永恒 = eternal/ultimate. "Perennial" = recurring (per year, per season). They
|
||||
are not synonyms. Use "eternal" or "ultimate."
|
||||
|
||||
### 学部委员 → Member (UNDERSTATES)
|
||||
|
||||
学部委员 is CASS's highest academic title, equivalent to "Academician."
|
||||
"Member" understates the prestige significantly. → "Academician" or
|
||||
"Member of the Academic Divisions."
|
||||
|
||||
### 文明 → culture (WRONG)
|
||||
|
||||
文明 is "civilization," not 文化 "culture." When a text discusses 文明传播
|
||||
(civilizational transmission), do not substitute "cultural transmission."
|
||||
|
||||
### 教制建设 → reforming (ADDS CONNOTATION)
|
||||
|
||||
教制建设 means "developing/building monastic institutions." Adding "reforming"
|
||||
introduces a connotation of fixing something broken that is not in the source.
|
||||
→ "developing monastic institutions" or "institutional development."
|
||||
|
||||
### 一荣俱荣、一损俱损 → too loose
|
||||
|
||||
This idiom has a conditional structure: "if one prospers, all prosper; if one
|
||||
suffers, all suffer." Rendering as "thrived together and suffered together"
|
||||
loses the mutual-dependence logic. → "shared prosperity and adversity alike"
|
||||
or "rose and fell together."
|
||||
|
||||
### 成圣成贤 collapsing
|
||||
|
||||
圣 (sage) and 贤 (worthy) are distinct Confucian categories. Collapsing both
|
||||
to "a sage" loses the distinction. → "sagehood and worthiness" or "a sage or worthy."
|
||||
|
||||
### "must" overuse from 应当/倡导
|
||||
|
||||
Source patterns 应当 (should), 倡导 (advocate/champion), 今后要 (going forward, should)
|
||||
often get rendered as "must" by reflex. "must" in English is a strong directive
|
||||
appropriate only for 一定要, 必须, 务必. Default to "should" or "ought to" for
|
||||
recommendations. A whole section may be 倡导 without 一定 anywhere — don't
|
||||
manufacture urgency the source doesn't have.
|
||||
|
||||
### 文明 → culture (WRONG)
|
||||
|
||||
文明 is "civilization," not 文化 "culture." When a text discusses 文明传播
|
||||
(civilizational transmission), do not substitute "cultural transmission."
|
||||
|
||||
#### 因病返贫 → "back into poverty"
|
||||
"返贫" means becoming poor due to illness, not returning to previous poverty. Use "into poverty" or "driven into poverty."
|
||||
|
||||
#### Diacritics: use DB form, not academic Sanskrit
|
||||
| Wrong | Right | Source |
|
||||
|---|---|---|
|
||||
| `Mahāsthāmaprāpta` | `Mahasthamaprapta` | 佛教术语 |
|
||||
| `Yogācārabhūmi Śāstra` | `Yogacarabhumi-Sastra` | 经论名 |
|
||||
| `Avalokiteśvara` | `Guanyin` | 佛教术语 |
|
||||
| `pravāraṇā` | `Pavarana` | BAICKZ |
|
||||
|
||||
Exception: `Kṣitigarbha` — DoT定稿 uses diacritics, so keep them.
|
||||
When in doubt, search the DB and follow the highest-priority source. See dharma-translation skill `references/diacritics-convention.md`.
|
||||
|
||||
返贫 = become poor (from a non-poor state) due to medical costs. "Back" implies
|
||||
the person was previously poor — not necessarily true. This is about medical bankruptcy.
|
||||
→ "into poverty" or "fall into poverty" (no "back")
|
||||
|
||||
## Subject-shift calques
|
||||
|
||||
When the source uses an abstract/system noun as the grammatical subject (佛教,
|
||||
文明, 宗教, 文化) and the target reflexively substitutes a more concrete
|
||||
agent (Buddhist practitioners, civilization-builders, religious people, etc.),
|
||||
the English is wrong: the source is *not* talking about people, it's talking
|
||||
about the system.
|
||||
|
||||
**Pattern**: 佛教都被社会大众赋予期望 → EN drifts to "Buddhist practitioners
|
||||
are looked upon with hope." Wrong subject — source is 佛教, not 佛教徒. Right:
|
||||
"Buddhism is regarded with hope by the broader society."
|
||||
|
||||
**Detection**: For each translated sentence, find the *grammatical subject*
|
||||
in the English and check it matches the *grammatical subject* in the Chinese.
|
||||
If the English subject is a concrete agent and the Chinese is an abstract
|
||||
system noun, it's a subject-shift calque.
|
||||
|
||||
## Factual inconsistencies across paired descriptions
|
||||
|
||||
When the same person, place, or thing is described in two different paragraphs
|
||||
(intro + later reference), check that *every* descriptor matches: title,
|
||||
affiliation, role, credentials. A translation can be factually inconsistent
|
||||
even when each individual sentence is correct in isolation.
|
||||
|
||||
**Pattern**: Prof. Wei's credentials in paragraph 1: "Academician of the
|
||||
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) and research fellow at the
|
||||
Institute of World Religions." Paragraph 5 (same person, same source
|
||||
reference): "a member of the CASS academic committee and Director of the CASS
|
||||
Buddhist Research Center." Two different titles for the same CASS affiliation.
|
||||
One is right, the other is wrong.
|
||||
|
||||
**Detection**: For each named person, build a dict {name → {credential:
|
||||
sentence_refs}} and check that all credentials in the dict match. Same
|
||||
institution or title can have different renderings in different paragraphs.
|
||||
|
||||
## Calque checklist (subtle English calques of Chinese verbs)
|
||||
|
||||
These are common Chinese-verb → English-verb pairs where the English word
|
||||
sounds natural in isolation but is a direct calque of the Chinese. They're
|
||||
easy to miss in a first-pass review because each one parses correctly:
|
||||
|
||||
| Chinese verb | Wrong (calque) | Right (idiomatic) |
|
||||
|---|---|---|
|
||||
| 赋予 (entrust with) | "look to with hope" | "regard with hope" |
|
||||
| 得到 (obtain) | "draw forth" | "draw on" / "gain" |
|
||||
| 发挥 (bring into play) | "bring into full play" | "make the most of" |
|
||||
| 承担 (assume) | "shoulder" | "take on" |
|
||||
| 重视 | "attach importance to" | "value" / "emphasize" |
|
||||
| 体现 | "embody" / "reflect" | "show" / "demonstrate" (when abstract) |
|
||||
|
||||
**Detection**: When the English uses an unusual verb that maps 1:1 to a
|
||||
Chinese word, and the Chinese word is a high-frequency academic verb (发挥,
|
||||
承担, 体现, 重视), check whether the English reads as a calque. A common
|
||||
smell: the English verb is "correct" but more formal/dramatic than the
|
||||
surrounding prose.
|
||||
|
||||
## Tonal coherence inside a parallel list
|
||||
|
||||
When a list of items in a section should have parallel structure (e.g. three
|
||||
"champion X, oppose Y" items; six "developing X, strengthening Y" items),
|
||||
check that the *verb choice* is consistent across the list. Inconsistency
|
||||
within a parallel structure is a strong signal of drift.
|
||||
|
||||
**Pattern**: Section V lists "First, Buddhism should serve as... Second, it
|
||||
must serve as... Third, it must serve as..." Source has 应当/要做 for all
|
||||
three. The English should match: all three "should serve as" or all three
|
||||
"must serve as." Mixing is a tell.
|
||||
|
||||
**Detection**: For each parallel-list section (First/Second/Third, etc.),
|
||||
extract the verb (or other repeated slot) and verify it's identical. Drift
|
||||
inside a parallel list is one of the easiest flow issues to catch
|
||||
mechanically — just look for variance.
|
||||
|
||||
## Multi-pass review structure
|
||||
|
||||
Translation review benefits from three distinct passes, run separately, each
|
||||
catching a different category of error:
|
||||
|
||||
1. **Pass 1: terminology + consistency + line count** — fast, mechanical.
|
||||
Catches: 人生佛教/人间佛教 conflation, 修行/修学, 恨→resentment,
|
||||
paired inconsistencies (Buddhism vs Buddhist practitioners), missing
|
||||
content, wrong numerals.
|
||||
|
||||
2. **Pass 2: mechanical/formatting** — em-dash convention, double punctuation,
|
||||
numbering mismatches, capitalisation typos, garbled text. Often skipped
|
||||
if the file "looks clean." This pass is what makes the file safe to
|
||||
publish; do it even when no content issues are obvious.
|
||||
|
||||
3. **Pass 3: flow/tonal/calques** — *read the full English as a piece of
|
||||
prose*. Catch: dramatic verbs that read as calques ("draw forth,"
|
||||
"into full play," "shoulder"), intensifier drift ("profoundly important"
|
||||
× 3 in one section), consistency of "must"/"should" inside parallel
|
||||
lists, subject misattribution in calque. Often the user will prompt
|
||||
this pass with "are you sure it reads well?" or "do the words hang
|
||||
together?" Treat that prompt as a signal to re-read the whole English
|
||||
target, not just spot-check.
|
||||
|
||||
Pass 3 in particular is the one that catches the *most embarrassing* errors
|
||||
— the ones where the English is grammatical and faithful but reads as
|
||||
"translationese." Don't skip it.
|
||||
|
||||
## DoT定稿 term drift
|
||||
|
||||
### 念死 → recollection of death (WRONG per DoT定稿)
|
||||
|
||||
DoT定稿 has "Cultivating mindfulness of death" / 佛教术语 has "contemplating the
|
||||
impermanence of death". The established term is "mindfulness of death", not
|
||||
"recollection of death." → "mindfulness of death" / "death-mindfulness"
|
||||
|
||||
### 三级修学 → Three-Level Study Program (WRONG per DoT定稿)
|
||||
|
||||
DoT定稿 has "Three-Stage Practice." → "Three-Stage Practice"
|
||||
|
||||
### 下士道/中士道/上士道
|
||||
|
||||
DoT定稿: "Path for Persons of Small/Medium/Great Capacity" — not "path of the
|
||||
initial/middle/great scope."
|
||||
|
||||
### 观音菩萨 → Avalokiteśvara (AVOID in MPI translations)
|
||||
|
||||
佛教术语 has "Guanshiyin/Guanyin Bodhisattva." Use "Guanyin Bodhisattva."
|
||||
|
||||
## Workflow pitfall
|
||||
|
||||
### Translating before consulting terms DB
|
||||
|
||||
Always search key terms BEFORE translating. The dharma-translation skill says to do
|
||||
this, but it's easy to skip. Use the CLI: `$MPI_PROJECT_ROOT/terms-search/search.py <query>`.
|
||||
Prioritize DoT定稿 > 内部特色词 > 佛教术语 > 经论名.
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user