translation-files/guide/03 术语库/_output/DoT术语库20211003下载自WPS__初步查询阶段汇总，查询义工集体编辑.csv

1	中文	英文	释义	梵文	巴利文	出处
2	七支供	seven branches of worship
3	阿修罗	demigods		asura
4	爱别离苦	the suffering of sepration from the pleasant/the suffering of being separated from what one loves
5	爱别离苦	the suffering of separation from what is pleasant
6	爱语	kind speech
7	安居	peaceful dwelling
8	安身立命	anchor one's life and spirit
9	安住	abide/dwell/settle down
10	安住修	Stabilizing Meditation
11	八步三禅	Eight Steps and Three Types of Meditation
12	八正道	Eightfold Path,eightfold noble path,the eightfold path
13	摆脱	ditch/get rid of
14	般若	ultimate truths/wisdom
15	悲心	compassion
16	本源自性天真佛	original/intrinsic nature; authentic Buddha				DDB
17	遍法界	in all dharma realms
18	遍计所执	imaginary/imputed/artificial; pervasively discriminated/fabricated	the first of the three natures in which all phenomena are classified as having three natures: an imaginary, dependent, and consummate nature.	parikalpita		PDB
19	遍计所执性	pervasively discriminated/fabricated character	The Chinese literally reads as 'nature of existence produced from attachment to all-pervasive discrimination,' or 'attachment by pervasive imagination.' Conceptualization detached from the causal nature of things; imagination. The phenomena produced from oneʼs illusory attachment and falsely considered to be real.	parikalpita-svabhāva		DDB
20	遍知	Thorough comprehension/all-embracing knowledge/omniscience	The uncontaminated wisdom that fully understands the principle of the Four Truths.	parijñā		DDB
21	别业	individual karma/unshared karma	Karma that gives rise to individual effects.	āveṇika-karman		DDB
22	不二	not-two/nonduality	The unity of all things, the one reality, the universal Buddha-nature. There are numerous combinations, e.g., good and evil are not a dualism: nor are existence and emptiness, nor are delusion and enlightenment.	advaita		DDB
23	不共	not have in common with/not shared by/as distinguished from	For one thing to be Ina-Zpplicable or incompatible with another. To not have in common with.(asa^dha^rana, a^ven!ika). Has important technical usage in such terms as 不共不定 and 不共无明.
24	不立文字	no establishment of words and letters
25	不立文字，教外别传	special transmission outside of the doctrine that does not rely on words and letters
26	不能自主的	involuntary
27	布施	giving/generosity		dāna
28	参禅	meditative practice
29	惭	shame/decency/propriety/conscience		hrī
30	差别假立寻思	the investigation of designated differences
31	禅修	Meditation
32	禅宗	Chan School
33	常住义工	regular volunteers				PDB
34	嗔	ill will/aversion/irritation/antipathy/hatred/anger/hostility; malice	The mental factor of negative emotion regarding situations or things that run counter to oneʼs own disposition; which prevents the body and mind from having stability.	dveṣa		DDB
35	成佛	achievement/attainment of Buddhahood
36	痴	delusion/stupidity/folly/ignorance/confusion; unenlightened	The state of confusion regarding all relative and absolute truths. From this unenlightened condition arises every kind of affliction.	moha		DDB
37	持戒	observe precepts/maintain morality		śīla-dhara
38	出家众	renunciates
39	出离	renunciation	The conviction to be liberated or to emerge from rebirth in SAṂSĀRA, whether one is following the path of the ŚRĀVAKA or PRATYEKABUDDHA in order to become an ARHAT, or is following the BODHISATTVA path in order to become a buddha.	nairyāṇika
40	出离心	renunciation (of samsara); super-mundane mind	the conviction to be liberated or to emerge from rebirth in samsara. the preliminary and conditional turning away from the things of this world and turning toward nirvana.	nirveda	nibbidā	PDB
41	串习	habituate/repeatedly cultivate; habituation(formation of habit); habit
42	慈悲	compassion
43	慈心	loving-kindness
44	次第	order/sequences
45	粗重	dysfunctional tendencies
46	粗重的烦恼	major afflictions
47	大乘百法明门论	The Treatise on the Hundred Dharmas: A Gate to Understanding the Mahāyāna
48	大圆镜智	great perfect mirror wisdom/mirrorlike wisdom	As a great round mirror reflects all forms exactly as they are, so does the cognition of the Buddha. A clear, undefiled mind.	ādarśajñāna		DDB
49	道场	platform/seat/site of enlightenment/wisdom/practice	The place where enlightenment is achieved. This refers initially to the ground under the bodhi tree, where the Buddha was seated at the time of achieving his full enlightenment. A place where religious practice is carried out, or where the Buddha is worshipped. A place where the precepts are given.	bodhimaṇḍa
50	道次第	Lamrim; the Stages of the Path (to Enlightment)
51	道次第实修手册	Practical Manual of the Stages
52	道前基础
53	地狱众生	hell denizens		nāraka
54	掉举	restlessness and worry；frivolity, agitation, excitement，restlessness, unsettledness, falling		auddhatyakaukṛtya
55	定	concentration/stillness		samādhi
56	定/三昧	concentration/samadhi	a foundational term in Buddhist meditation theory and practice, which is related to the ability to establish and maintain onepointedness of mind.	samādhi		PDB
57	独觉	Solitary Enlightened One/Solitary Realizer/Pratyeka-Buddha
58	度	convert (a person),cross over (a person),take across to
59	度众生	saving sentient beings
60	断德	breaking attachment
61	断德	the merit of severing affliction	【三德】 Three aspects of the Buddha's virtue: (1) The merit of his compassion; (2) the merit of severing affliction; (3) the merit of his wisdom.			FROM:【《英汉-汉英-英英佛学辞典》中华佛典宝库编】
62	饿鬼	ghosts		preta
63	二元对立	duality and opposition
64	发菩提心		To make the resolve to attain supreme enlightenment. The 'idea,' 'intention,' or 'thought' of 'awakening' is the aspiration to attain Buddhahood for the sake of helping all living beings. To 'give rise' to that aspiration is take the first step on the bodhisattva path (the path to Buddhahood), and is extoled as such in Mahayana sūtra and commentarial literature.	bodhi-citta-utpāda
65	发心	arouse the mind; give rise to the aspiration of…/make the resolve to attain…; aspiration	The arousal of the thought, resolve, or sincere and earnest intention to attain enlightenment, especially for the sake of saving other sentient beings. To make up the mind to; to set out for perfect enlightenment.	bodhi-citta-utpāda		DDB
66	发愿	make a vow	To vow, resolve; to give rise to the intention to save all sentient beings. To arouse the aspiration for enlightenment, or rebirth in the Pure Land.			DDB
67	法	Dharma
68	法	dharma
69	法界	dharma realm	the universe as governed by the law of cause and effect.	dharma-dhātu		DDB
70	法器	Dharma-vessel	(1) Someone who is suitably prepared to believe and understand the teachings of Buddhism. (2) In the Chan tradition, one who is capable of being entrusted with the. (3) A ritual vessel used in Buddhist ceremonies.			FROM:【汉英-英汉-英英辞典】
71	法身	truth/dharma body		dharmakāya
72	法随法行	making an effort to practice accordingly to accord with Buddha Dharma
73	法义	Dharma,Dharma-talk,Dharma-text
74	法执	clinging/attachement to a self in phenomena/the reality of phenomena	The belief that the compositional elements of existence are inherently real. unconscious attachment to the reality of phenomena.	dharmātmagraha
75	法执	attachment to the teachings
76	凡夫	unenlightened person	A person at the mundane level of cognition and practice.	bāla	bāla	DDB
77	凡夫心	ordinary/unenlightened (people's) mind	As distinguished from Buddha mind.			DDB
78	烦恼	affliction/defilement/mental disturbance/emotional negativity	All of the thoughts, words, actions and emotions which arise and cease based on nescience and desire which keep human beings trapped in the cycle of birth and death, and which result in suffering. Therefore, Buddhism teaches methods for attaining nirvana/enlightenment as a means of eliminating the afflictions.	kleśa
79	方便	skillful/expedient means
80	放逸	dissipation/self-indulgence/profligacy/lack of discipline/ debauchery	To abandon oneself to secular enjoyment, such as watching plays, singing and dancing, comedy acts, etc. Playing with oneʼs energy. Not holding strictly to the cultivation of wholesome mental states and repelling evil.	pramāda	pamāda	DDB
81	分别	discrimination
82	佛随念			Buddhānusmṛti
83	福报/福德	merit	The store of wholesome karma created by the performance of virtuous deeds, which fructify in the form of happiness in the future. This merit may be accumulated over many lifetimes and dedicated toward a specific outcome, such as a favorable rebirth for oneself or another, or the achievement of buddhahood.	puṇya
84	公案	koan/public record/precedent	Better known in the West by its Japanese pronunciation kōan, a word that has now entered common English parlance as “koan.”The term is widely used in the Chan school in a way that conveys both denotations of a legal precedent and a story.			PDB
85	功德	spiritual virtue/meritorious quality		guṇa
86	共业	shared karma	Karma that is held in common by certain groups of people. Effects that are shared with others as a result of their sharing in the same activities. For example, the fact that people experience their environment and the things of the natural world in the same way is explained by the fact that they share in the same flow of activity.	sādhāraṇa-karman		DDB
87	观	insight/contemplation/vipassana	a technical term for an understanding of reality (either conceptual or nonconceptual) at a level of mental concentration equal to or exceeding that of calmness (śamatha).	vipaśyanā	vipassanā	PDB
88	观禅	insight meditation/vipassana
89	观慧/智	observing/observation wisdom	The wisdom that penetrates to ultimate reality.			DDB
90	观念	perception
91	观想	visualization practice
92	观想	visualize
93	观照（力）	observe/contemplate; power of contemplation/contemplative power
94	观照力	observation power/ability
95	皈依	take refuge/trust in absolutly	To venerate the Three Treasures of Buddhism (the Buddha, the Dharma and the saṃgha). To have full and perfect trust in the Buddhaʼs teaching. To 'turn to and rely upon.'	śaraṇa	saraṇa	DDB
96	皈依三宝	take refuge in the three Jewels(the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha)
97	过堂	have/take meals
98	还灭门	gate to extinction
99	行亦禅，坐亦禅，语默动静体安然	walking is meditation, sitting is meditation, whether speaking or silent, moving or still, oneʼs body is at peace.	出自永嘉玄觉大师「证道歌」
100	话头	keyword, critical phrase, principal theme, head phrase, Hua Tou
101	回向	dedicate the merit
102	慧	wisdom/insight/cognition	an understanding of reality that transcends ordinary comprehension	prajñā
103	慧根	faculty of wisdom
104	昏沉	sloth and torpor/drowsiness/dullness		styānamiddha
105	寂静	Stillness, quiescence, mental equipoise			sama
106	加行	preparation for practice, preparatory practice, stage of initial application
107	见地
108	接纳	accept/emprace
109	结行	practice ending, the ending of practice
110	解脱	liberation/freedom/deliverance/release	The state of liberation from suffering and rebirth. The term is often used as a synonym for nirvāṇa.	mokṣa		PDB
111	解脱道	the path to liberation		mokṣamārga
112	解脱的用心模式/解脱相应心理	mind/mindset/mentality that leads to/corresponds to liberation
113	戒	precept/behavioral discipline/moral discipline/morality	The rules of religious discipline.	śīla		DDB
114	尽虚空遍法界	to the end of space and throughout the entire Dharma Realm/until the end of the realm/As long as space and sphere of reality remains
115	精进	vigor		vīrya
116	经行/行禅	walking meditation
117	经教	The teaching of the scriptures
118	觉察/知（力）	aware/awareness	To scrutinize thoroughly; examine carefully. To analyze phenomena in detail.			DDB
119	觉醒	awakening/enlightenment
120	觉性	enlightened nature	The enlightened mind free from all illusion. The mind as the agent of knowledge, or enlightenment.			DDB
121	开示	preach a formal public sermon/elucidate the teachings
122	开示	Dharma talk
123	空	emptiness/voidness	the lack or absence of intrinsic nature in any and all phenomena, the final nature of all things , and the ultimate truth.	śūnyatā		PDB
124	空性见	the view of emptiness
125	苦	suffering/pain		duḥkha
126	愧	remorse/fear of blame/modesty		apatrāpya
127	离苦得乐	escaping from suffering and attaining joy
128	离三过、具六想
129	理解	understand
130	利行	purposeful behavior
131	利他	altruism; altruistic; altruistic behaviors
132	令心安住	abide/dwell on/set one's mind to
133	流转次第
134	六尘	six dusts/objects	They are the field of form, field of sound, field of odor, gustatory field, tactile field, and conceptual field.
135	六道	six destinies/realms
136	轮回	samsara/the cycle of birth and death/transmigration/reincarnation/cyclic existence	This is the expression of the ancient Indian idea that all living things repeatedly pass through life and death. Like a continually spinning wheel, sentient beings are reincarnated and die without end. In Buddhism, one is said to transmigrate through the triple realm (desire, form and formless realms) and the six destinies (god, demigod, human, animal, hungry ghost, hell-being).	saṃsāra		DDB
137	轮回串习	samsaric habit
138	轮回的用心模式/轮回相应心理	mind/mindset/mentality that leads to/corresponds to samsara
139	盲修瞎练	blind practice
140	迷惑	delusion /confusion/perplexity/doubt
141	名寻思	investigation of names
142	明性/明	clarity/luminosity/enlightenment/consciousness	(1) Knowing, consciousness. (2) The Vedas. (3) The wisdom of enlightenment; enlightenment (vidya^). (4) Illumination (prabha^, a^loka, avabha^sa). (5) Skilled, ingenious (kau/sala).	ānimitta		DDB,FoDict
143	难得易失	difficult to obtain and easy to lose
144	内观	internal observation introspect	Inner reflection; inner observation of the mind, or principles.
145	念	mindfulness/recollection/memory	commonly used in meditative contexts to refer to the ability to remain focused on a chosen object without forgetfulness or distraction.	smṛti
146	念佛	To be mindful of the meritorious virtues of the Buddha
147	念三恶趣苦	Contemplate the suffering of three evil destinies
148	念死无常	mindful of death
149	念头	thought
150	宁静	tranquility
151	平等舍/平等心	equanimity	a term with at least four important denotations: (1) as a sensation of neutrality that is neither pleasurable nor painful; (2) as one of eleven virtuous mental concomitants, referring to a state of evenness of mind, without overt disturbance by sensuality, hatred, or ignorance; (3) as a state of mental balance during the course of developing concentration, which is free from lethargy and excitement; and (4) one of the four “divine abidings”, along with loving-kindness, compassion, and sympathetic joy. As a divine abiding, upekṣā indicates an even-mindedness toward all beings, regarding them with neither attachment nor aversion, as neither intimate nor remote.		upekṣā
152	破迷开悟	Breaking the Blind Enlightenment，Broken fan enlightenment，Break the fans and be enlightened
153	菩萨道	the path to enlightenment		bodhi-mārga
154	菩萨行	Bodhisattva Deeds， The practices of the bodhisattva
155	菩提道次第（略论）	The Middle-Lenghth Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment
156	菩提道次第广论	The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightment
157	菩提心	the awakened/enlightened mind Bodhisatta Ideal		bodhicitta
158	菩提心	bodhicitta	The awakened mind; the mind that perceives the real behind the seeming, believes in moral consequences, and that all have the Buddha-nature, and aims at Buddhahood. The aspiration to realize bodhi-wisdom, that is, perfect enlightenment.	bodhicitta		DDB
159	菩提心	aspiration to help all sentient beings/aspiration to attain Buddhahood	The aspiration to help all sentient beings cross over to the other shore [of enlightenment] before doing so oneself.			DDB
160	普贤行愿	Prayer of Samantabhadra		(Samantabhadra-carya-pranidhana)
161	普贤七支供	the Samantabhadra’s Seven Offerings
162	七因果	seven karmas
163	亲近善知识	being close to good teachers
164	轻安	tranquillity/serenity	The light and blissful bodily feeling that accompanies deep states of meditation	praśrabdhi
165	求不得苦	the suffering of not-getting	the suffering we experience when we can not obtain those things which we desire. This is one of the "four and eight types of suffering" (四苦八苦) taught by S/a^kyamuni in his exposition of the Four Noble Truths			FoDict
166	染污	afflictive	To stain or taint. To soil clothes, etc. Dirt, filth, contamination. To contaminate the pure mind with defilements (2) To conceal, hide deceive; to be covered by filth.
167	忍辱	patience/forbearance		kṣānti
168	如法的	according to/agreeing with/in conformity with the Dharma
169	如来藏			Tathāgatagarbha
170	如理思维	Rational thinking thinking match the truth
171	如理作意	think reasonably in line with the Dharma
172	如实	True, real. To go along with reality; follow; accord with the truth
173	入菩萨行论	A Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life/Engaging in the Bodhisattva Deeds
174	三宝	the three jewels/treasures; triple gem; triratna	the three principal objects of veneration: the Buddha, the DHARMA, and the SAṂGHA.	ratnatraya	ratanattaya/tiratana	PDB
175	三藏	Tripitaka,buddhist canon, three baskets, Three Collections	The Buddhist canon, which is traditionally categorized into three divisions ("three baskets")
176	三毒	three poisons	The three basic afflictions from which all other afflictions are derived: (1) desire, craving (rāga); (2) anger, aversion (dveṣa); and (3) nescience, folly (moha). Also known as the three unwholesome roots and three stumps.			DDB
177	三无漏学	three uncontaminated forms of training
178	三学	three trainings	three overarching categories of Buddhist practice. First is the training in higher morality, which encompasses all forms of restraint of body and speech, including lay and monastic precepts that serve as the foundation for the cultivation of the succeeding stages of concentration and wisdom. Second is the training in higher concentration, which encompasses all forms of meditative practice directed toward the achievement of states of concentration. Third is the training in higher wisdom, which includes all forms study and reflection that are directed toward developing insight into the true nature of reality. These three trainings are said to subsume all of the constituents of the noble eightfold path.	triśikṣā	tisikkhā	PDB
179	散乱	distraction/disturbance; loose/disconnected/ scattered/disordered	A condition of the mind of wandering through the fields of the six senses and not stopping for an instant.	vikṣepa		DDB
180	善法	good dharma
181	善所缘
182	上士道	the Stages of the Path of Great Beings, highest characteristics, persons of great capacity
183	深信	be deeply convinced; firmly believe
184	深信业果	the faith of conviction in karma and its effects
185	生命品质	life quality
186	胜解	determination/resolution; excellent understanding	Resolve; devoted interest; to be interested in, inclined to. The Chinese translation, which reads more like 'excellent understanding' can be interpreted to mean that one who has devoted interest in something will gain excellent understanding of it.	adhimokṣa
187	胜义菩提心	the ultimate spirit of enlightenment/ultimate spirit of Bodhicitta/the ultimate bodhicitta
188	十二部	Twelve Divisions,The twelve divisions of the Buddhist canon
189	十二因缘	twelve links of dependent arising	When inquiring into what it is that gives rise to human suffering, the Buddha found it to be a continuum of twelve phases of conditioning in a regular order. These twelve links of conditioned existence are: ignorance, action-intentions, consciousness ,name and form, the six-fold sphere of sense contact, contact, sensation, desire, grasping, becoming, birth, and old age and death.	dvādaśa-astanga pratītyasamutpāda		DDB
190	十方三世	ten directions in the three times/through all space and time	The ten directions are east, west, south, north, the four intermediate directions, above and below. The three times are past, present, and future.			DDB
191	十方三世一切众生	in the boundless universe and throughout the entire Dharma Realm
192	实相般若
193	世俗串习	worldly customs and conventions
194	世俗菩提心	The conventional spirit of enlightenment/Conventional spirit of Bodhicitta
195	世俗菩提心	the conventional/worldly/mundane bodhicitta
196	事寻思	investigation of substances
197	受戒	ordained
198	四念处	the four foundations of mindfulness	The fourfold contemplation to be practiced after one has completed the exercise of tranquilizing oneʼs mind: contemplating oneʼs body as defiled, contemplating oneʼs feelings as painful, contemplating oneʼs mind as constantly changing, and contemplating things in general as devoid of inherent existence.	catvāri..ṣmṛty-upasthānāni	cattāro sati-paṭṭhānā	DDB
199	四威仪	regulation of the four postures/four means of proper comportment	Walking, standing, sitting (especially in a cross-legged, or meditative posture), and lying down. These four postures, or four means of comportment are said to circumscribe all human activity, especially with regard to monastic practice. If one walks, stands, sits and even sleeps (lies down) in accord with the Vinaya, then that person is fully undertaking his monastic vows.	catur-vidhacāra		DDB
200	四无量心	Four Immeasurable Minds		catvāri-apramānāṇi
201	四种如实智	four kinds of cognition of things as they really are
202	四种寻思	four kinds of investigations
203	贪	attachment
204	贪	greed/craving/sensual attachment/covetousness; to hanker after	The mental action of attaching to objects and situations that one finds to be compatible to oneʼs own disposition.	rāga		DDB
205	天	divinities		deva
206	听闻规则	how to listen to the teaching
207	听闻正法	listening to the right dharma
208	同情	empathize
209	同事	(1) To cooperate, to work together, to help each other. (2) To participate in the affairs of sentient beings in order to help them.
210	妄念/心/想	deluded/defiled/attached/incorrect/mistaken thought/mind	a mind that gives rise to error. the mind incapable of apprehending the original essence of things.			DDB
211	微细的烦恼	subtle afflictions
212	唯识	the Consciousness-only, theory of consciousness-only, Vijnanamatra		citta-ma^tra
213	唯识	mind-only	the external world of the senses does not exist independently of the mind and that all phenomena are mere projections of consciousness.	cittamātra		PDB
214	未修中间	during the intervals of not cultivating
215	文字般若
216	闻思	the two kinds of wisdom of hearing and thinking; learn and contemplate
217	闻思修	Hearing, thinking and meditating on the Dharma Hearing, thinking and practicing
218	我执	clinging/attachement to (the reality of a) self/permanent personality	The attachment to the notion of an enduring, inherent self.	ātmagraha	attagaha	DDB
219	无常	impermanence	compounded objects created by causes and conditions are inevitably subject to change, decline, and finally destruction.	anitya	anicca	PDB
220	无嗔	non-/no/absence of/free from ill-will/anger		adveṣa
221	无痴	non-/no/absence of/free from delusion	A lack of delusion in the mind; the presence of a clear view regarding objects. It has the correct practice informed by ascertainment of thusness as its nature.	amoha
222	无明	ignorance/nescience/delusion	As the fundamental misunderstanding of reality that underlies all of the suffering of unenlightened people, it is the first of the twelve links of dependent arising.	avidyā	avijjā	DDB
223	无始	beginningless	Refers to a situation where no matter how far back (in time) one goes, a beginning point cannot be found. Without beginning, as is the chain of transmigration.	anādi
224	无始以来	since beginningless time
225	无所得	no attainment
226	无贪	non-/no/absence of/free from craving/coveting	The function of the mind of keeping itself from being infected by avarice. A lack of covetousness—actively disliking and distancing from the object of desire. A mental state of counteracting the mindʼs tendency to crave after the object of desire.	alobha
227	无我	noself/nonself/selflessness	since all compounded things are the fruition of a specific set of causes and conditions, they are therefore absent of any perduring substratum of being.	anātman	anattā	PDB
228	无相	featureless/signless
229	无住	non-abiding
230	无自性空/空	empty of intrinsic nature/ emptiness	1）DDB：all persons and phenomena are empty of an intrinsic nature；2）) FoDict：'emptiness', 'non-existence', 'voidness.' (/su^nyata^, /su^nya); The opposite of 有--the negation of existence. As the rejection by the Buddha of this 'emptiness' being simply the mistaken view of 'nothingness' 虚无, this basic Buddhist teaching of emptiness is the negation of the two mistaken views of the acceptance of the real existence of a self 我, and the understanding of an eternal nature of the compositional elements (法) that make up the world or the self.	svabhāvaśūnya		PDB，FoDict
231	五欲	five desires	1) Five kinds of desire that arise from attachment to the objects of eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and body. 2) The five desires of wealth, sex, food, fame, and sleep.			DDB
232	五蕴	five aggregates
233	五蕴炽盛苦	the suffering of the five appropriated aggregates
234	暇满人身	optimum human form/well-endowed human form/human life endowed with leisure and opportunity
235	下士道	the stages of the path of lesser beings minimum characteristics persons of small capacity
236	懈怠	laziness/idleness/indolence
237	心地功夫	mind-ground Gongfu
238	心行	mindfulness of mental functions
239	心灵觉醒之路	The path to spiritual awakening
240	心态	mentality
241	信	faith/belief/confidence/conviction/trust	Faith has a wide range of meanings in Buddhism, ranging from a kind of mental clarity and positive disposition toward the Buddha, to a sense of conviction about the efficacy of the Buddhist path, to a commitment to follow that path.	śraddhā
242	修行	practice; perform/cultivate/practice
243	修学	learn and practice
244	修学之路	the path of learning and practicing
245	修证	practice and realization,the realization resultant of practice		samuda^gama
246	虚妄	falsehood, fabricated；
247	虚妄分别	false discrimination;	Imaginative construction of that which is nonexistent	vikalpa
248	学佛	to study and practice Buddhism; to emulate the Buddha
249	学员	students
250	业果	karmic fruits
251	业力	karma
252	一大堆混乱的情绪，再加上一大堆错误的想法	a lot of messy emotions and wrong thoughts
253	依止	reliance		dependence
254	义大	signality, significant, important, critical
255	因缘因果	the law of cause and effect				DDB
256	应机设教	according to the living environment and the root of all living beings
257	勇猛精进	Courageous and diligent; Great, courageous, unswerving energy applied toward(the attainment of the goal of liberation)
258	用心	apply/use one's mind; intention				DDB
259	用心能力	ability to apply the mind
260	用心习惯	habit of using the mind
261	有漏	contaminated; tainted; outflow		sāsrava
262	瑜伽菩萨戒品	Treatise on the Foundation for Yoga Practitioners
263	欲	zeal/desire-to-act		chanda
264	欲	sensuality		kāma
265	圆满	(1)To fill (up). To satisfy. To complete, to consummate; especially completion of wisdom. (2) To possess qualifications, to fulfill conditions. (3) To supply what is missing. (4) Complete, lacking nothing. To be in full possession of something.
266	緣起	dependent arising/conditioned genesis/dependent co-arising/interdependent arising	Everything arises from conditions; there is nothing that arises out of nothing; there is nothing that arises of itself; and things do not come into existence through the power of an external Creator. Thus, there is nothing that is self-contained, independent, or which has its own separate and independent nature. All phenomena are given rise to due to the mutual relationships of countless causes and conditions and are not independently existent.	pratītya-samutpāda	paṭicca-samuppāda	DDB
267	缘	condition	Indirect cause; secondary cause; associated conditions. Referring generally to the subsidiary factors whose concomitance results in the production of an effect from a cause.	pratyaya
268	缘起性空	the empty nature of conditioned-arising				DDB
269	怨憎会苦	the suffering of encountering what is unpleasant
270	愿心
271	在家居士	lay practitioner
272	增上缘	causes beyond those of immediate motivation/dominant condition
273	真实语	true words		the words of the Buddha
274	正遍知	omniscience
275	正行	Right Action, Correct practices; correct behavior	Following the correct way, which, in early Indian Buddhism, will lead to the attainment of arhatship. the fourth of the Eightfold Path; respect for life (do not kill), property (do not steal) and personal relationship (no sexual misconduct) so as to purify one's mind and body.		samma^-pat!ipatti, pasati)
276	正见	right understanding/right view
277	正念	right/correct mindfulness Right Remembrance Correct thought	looking on the body and the spirit in such a way as to remain ardent, self-possessed, and mindful, having overcome both hankering and dejection.	samyaksmṛti
278	正念	right/correct mindfulness	commonly used in meditative contexts to refer to the ability to remain focused on a chosen object without forgetfulness or distraction.	samyaksmṛti	sati	PDB
279	正念禅修	mindfulness meditation
280	正知	clear comprehension/introspection	the factor that observes the mind to determine whether it has strayed from its object.	saṃprajanya	sampajañña	PDB
281	正知正念	clear comprehension and right mindfulness
282	知见	wisdom and insight, knowledge and views, knowledge and vision; seeing with wisdom, to know by seeing; informed view, an understanding based on knowledge,becoming aware, intellection, the function of knowing, views, doctrines
283	执着	attachment/clinging/grasping
284	止	stillness/calmness/serenity/quiescence/tranquillity/samatha	the mental peace and stability that is generated through the cultivation of concentration. It is defined technically as the specific degree of concentration necessary to generate insight into reality and thus lead to the destruction of the afflictions.	śamatha	samatha	PDB
285	止禅	concentrtation meditation/samatha
286	止观	calmness and insight	a meditative state that combines the clarity and stability of śamatha with the understanding of the nature of reality associated with vipaśyanā.	śamathavipaśyan	samathavipassanā	PDB
287	智慧/般若	wisdom/prajna	An important aspect of the correctly functioning (enlightened) mind that perceives things in their true nature, and therefore acts to sever delusion and harmful habituation. One of the six perfections.	prajñā	paññā	DDB
288	中观			Madhyamaka
289	中士道	the stages of the path of intermediate beings, middling characteristics, persons of medium capacity/ small capacity
290	众生	sentient beings
291	诸法唯识	all phenomena are mere projections of consciousness				PDB
292	助缘	cooperative conditions
293	专注（力）	concentrate; concentration/stillness		avadhāna
294	转凡成圣	transform worldling/ordinary man/unenlightened person into a sage/saint/wise man
295	转迷为悟	transform delusion into enlightenment
296	转染成净
297	转识成智	from knowledge to wisdom,transformation of knowledge to wisdom
298	自他相换	Tonglen； 设身处地 place oneself in others' position，put oneself in another's place，put oneself in another's place， judge of others as we should if we were in their place; look at sth. from the angle of others; 换位思考transpositional consideration/transpositional consideration
299	自性	self-nature/intrinsic existence/inherent existence	a hypostatized and reified nature that is falsely attributed to phenomena by ignorance, such that phenomena are mistakenly conceived to exist in and of themselves.	svabhāva		PDB
300	自性假立寻思	the investigation of the designated intrinsic natures
301	自由/自在/自主	autonomy/sovereignty/independence/freedom/omnipotence/mastery/unimpededness	The ability of an enlightened being to function freely without any material or mental constraints — without any hindrance from afflictions or cognitive error.	vaśitā		DDB
302	祖师	patriarch	eminent teachers in lineages that are claimed to trace back to ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha or even earlier buddhas.			PDB
303	座上修	On-Seat Meditation
304	座下修	Under-Seat Meditaion
305	三法印	Three seals/ Three Universal Truths/Three Universal Characteristics	The three marks of the law. Three aspects of the Buddhist teaching that clearly distinguish it from non-Buddhist teachings: all things are impermanent, all things lack inherent existence (no-self), and that nirvana is perfect quiescence.	tri-dṛṣṭi-namitta-mudrā	dhammamuddā	DDB，PDB，FoDict
306	善逝	well gone	Well departed, gone as he should go. The fifth of the ten epithets of the Buddha.	svayaṃ-bhū, bhagavat, kṣema-gāmin	sugata	DDB〔法華經 T 262.9.19b11〕
307	福田	field of merit/field of blessings	(1) A reference to the three treasures: the Buddha, the sangha and dharma; also, one's parents and the poverty-stricken. These are the objects toward which one should direct his/her religious practice. (2) The place where people nurture and develop their meritorious virtues. (3) The practices which lead to enlightenment.	puṇya-kṣetra; dakṣinīya	puñña-kkhetta	DDB
308	心王	mind-king	The overall cognitive function of oneʼs consciousness, as opposed to the distinctive mental functions which belong to it (called 心所). / The basic essence of the mind—the source of cognitive function, the ālayavijñāna 阿賴耶識.			DDB
309	信众	believer/followers
310	嗔恨	hatred
311	诸行无常	1) all conditioned things are impermanent；2) all things are in a state of incessant change	1) FoDict:All things are in a state of incessant change. All conditioned things are in continual motion. One of the three seals of the Buddhist doctrine. 2) DDB: All conditioned things are in continual flux. A corollary of this doctrinal proposition is that anything unconditioned 無爲 is beyond flux, and therefore genuinely eternal 常住. According to the doctrine of momentariness 刹那滅義, conditioned dharmas 有爲法 come to cease immediately upon arising, in the very same place that they arise. Therefore, while composite things may appear to move, the ultimate constituents of things, the conditioned dharmas, do not move. The first of the three seals 三法印 of the Buddhist doctrine.	anityābatasaṃskārāḥ, sarva-saṃskārā-anityāḥ, saṃskārânityatā		FoDict, DDB
312	杂阿含经	Samyuktagama
313	两只毒箭	two poisoned arrows
314	证果	reach enlightenment / attain enlightenment/ achieve enlightenmen	The rewards of the various stages of attainment.			PDB
315	忏悔	1）practice of repentance；2）confession of transgressions	1）DDB: To repent of any negative actions one may have done in oneʼs present or past lives, so as to clear oneself of karmic obstacles that may be causing one worldly difficulties or restraining oneʼs spiritual progress "Please forgive me for the crimes I have committed." To confess oneʼs crimes before the Buddha. 2) PDB: the confession of unvirtuous deeds, either privately in the presence of a real or visualized representation of a buddha, or communally as part of a confession ceremony, such as the fortnightly monastic confession	pratideśayati, kaukṛtya	pāpadesanā;	DDB, PDB
316	烦恼	affliction	All of the thoughts, words, actions and emotions which arise and cease based on nescience and desire which keep human beings trapped in the cycle of birth and death, and which result in suffering	kleśa; saṃkleśa	kilesa	DDB,FoDict
317	烦	disturbance, annoyance
318	恼	vexation	To worry; tribulations, anxiety; torment, irritation, annoyance. The mental action of self-affliction in coming to know oneʼs bad actions as bad actions and being stuck with this knowledge, yet not benefiting by the remonstrance of others. The mental action of self-affliction due to recollection of the past or present people, places and things that are unsuitable.			DDB
319	心所	mental factors	caitta. [alt. caitasika] (P. cetasika; T. sems byung; C. xinsuo; J. shinjo; K. simso 心所). In Sanskrit, “mental concomitants” or “mental factors.” In the ABHIDHARMA, the term encompasses those mental factors that accompany, in various combinations, the mind (CITTA) and its six sensory consciousnesses (VIJÑĀNA), viz., visual (lit. eye), auditory (ear), olfactory (nose), gustatory (tongue), tactile (body ), and mental.		caitta	DDB
320	善	wholesome,
321	不善	unwholesome
322	无记	karmic indeterminacy	Karmic neutrality; moral neutrality; lacking impact or karmic potency, expressed as 羸劣. One of the three qualities 三性 of all activities (karma)—distinguished from mental states that are either wholesome 善 or unwholesome 惡.			DDB
323	做意	attention
324	触	contact
325	受	feeling, sensation
326	思	deliberation, contemplation, meditation, consideration
327	遍行心所	univeralyly interactive mental functions
328	惭	shame, decency, conscience, propriety
329	愧	remorse, modesty
330	惭	Conscience	Conscience, or self-motivated shame for oneʼs wrongdoings (Skt. hrī). In the Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya, one of the ten virtuous mental factors 大善地法, and in Yogâcāra, one of the eleven wholesome mental factors 十一善. It refers to sense of conscience that brings one to reflect on oneʼs self-centered evil actions. According to the Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya, the difference between conscience and shame (apatrāpa 愧) is that the dominant factor in conscience is oneʼs own sense of moral scruple 自增上, while the dominant factor in producing shame is oneʼs embarrassment 恥 in the face of others 他增上 (Skt. trapā, apatrāpya, hirimat, hiri, hrīmat; Tib. ngo tsha shes pa).			DDB
331	愧	shame	Or scruple. One of the ten wholesome mental factors detailed in the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya 大善地法, one of the eleven wholesome mental factors 十一善 in Yogâcāra; the mental function of having the sense to reflect on whether oneʼs actions will cause harm. Often seen used in the compound 慚愧 where 慚 means conscience—reflection within oneself, and 愧 means shame in the face of other people (Skt. vyapatrāpya, apatrāpya, apatrapā; apatrapaṇatā, apatrāpa, otrāpya, lajjin, vyavatrāpya, hrī; Tib. khrel yod pa).			DDB
332	放逸	unconscientiousness, dissipation, self-indulgence
333	放逸	negligence	Dissipation, careless(ness); self-indulgence; profligacy; lack of discipline, debauchery (Skt. pramāda, pramāditā, pramādin, pramādya, pramatta; Pāli pamāda; Tib. bag med pa). Unruly, unbridled, uncontrolled.	pramāda, pramāditā, pramādin, pramādya, pramatta;	pamāda	DDB
334	常见	eternalism
335	断见	nihilism
336	阿赖耶识	Alaya Consciousness
337	六尘	six Dusts
338	业力	Karma
339	持常见者	eternalist
340	持断见者	nihilist
341	功不唐捐	No good or evil deed is performed in vain.
342	楞伽经	Lankavatara Sutra
343	六识	six Consciousness
344	现量	perception
345	不共无明	independently-functioning ignorance
346	俱生我执	innat self-attachment
347	末那识	Manas Consciousness
348	八识规矩颂	Eight Kinds of Consciousness Practices Chant
349	阿弥陀经	the Amitabha Sutra
350	无量寿经	the Infinite Life Sutra
351	观无量寿经	the Sutra on the Visualization of Immeasurable Life
352	妄念	delusion
353	执着	attachment, clinging, grasping, addicting
354	树欲静而风不止	The trees long for peace, but the wind will never cease.
355	大夫（古官称）	politician, minister, senior official,	An official of the state in imperial Chinese government. A minister. Throughout history found as a suffix in many titles of relative importance, both functional such as Censor-in-chief 御史大夫 and honorific such as Specially Promoted Grand Master for Splendid Happiness 特進光大夫.			DDB
356	烦	disturbance, confusion
357	恼	vexation	To worry; tribulations, anxiety; torment, irritation, annoyance. The mental action of self-affliction in coming to know oneʼs bad actions as bad actions and being stuck with this knowledge, yet not benefiting by the remonstrance of others. The mental action of self-affliction due to recollection of the past or present people, places and things that are unsuitable.			DDB
358	无我	non-self
359	无常	impermanence
360	唯识经典	Conscousness-Only canon
361	因果法则	law of cause-and-effect
362	缘起	depent origination
363	因	cause
364	缘	condition
365	苦	suffering, pain, bitterness
366	刹那	ksana	A moment (Skt. kṣaṇa). The shortest unit of time, translated into Chinese as 念, 念頃, 念念,一念, but according to another definition 60 kṣaṇa (or 65) equal one finger-snap, and 90 equal a thought 念, 4,500 a minute; there are other definitions. In each kṣaṇa 900 persons are born and die.			DDB
367	断灭论	Annihilationism.	The philosophical position arguing that sentient beings disappear entirely upon death. In Buddhism this is understood to be a mistaken view, which results from not discerning the principle of cause and effect that centers on the idea that the world or oneself can be destroyed.	uccheda-va^da		DDB
368	一世论		there is complete extinction of the self after death, and thus only one period of time in one's existence
369	两世论		this present life and afterlife
370	常见	Eternalistic view	The notion that the self and the objects of the world exist and persist. The opposite of the nihilistic view.			DDB
371	究竟	ultimate	(1) Unsurpassed, final, extreme, best, ideal (atyanta). (2) Utmost, limit, extremity (nistha^). (3) To completely exhaust. Arrive. Reach, attain. To master (a topic). Especially, to arrive to the highest position of bodhisattvahood, or thorough enlightenment (nistha^-gamana). (4) To thoroughly realize or comprehend. (5) To truly make manifest (sama^pana). (6) Final goal. Becoming a Buddha (especially in Tiantai or Hua-yen)			汉英-英汉-英英辞典
372	缘起	dependent arising/conditioned genesis/dependent co-arising/interdependent arising	Everything arises from conditions; there is nothing that arises out of nothing; there is nothing that arises of itself; and things do not come into existence through the power of an external Creator. Thus, there is nothing that is self-contained, independent, or which has its own separate and independent nature. All phenomena are given rise to due to the mutual relationships of countless causes and conditions and are not independently existent			DOT术语库
373	缘起	Dependent origination, conditioned genesis	The condition of relationship to something else resulting in arising or production.	prati^tya-samutpa^da		【汉英-英汉-英英辞典】
374	缘起	dependent origination	of one thing on another); one of the core teachings in the Buddhist doctrinal system,The notion of the conditionality of all existence is foundational in Buddhism. “When this is present, that comes to be. / From the arising of this, that arises. / When this is absent, that does not come to be. / From the cessation of this, that ceases.”	pratītyasamutpāda	paṭiccasamuppāda	PDB
375	三世论		the theory of three periods of time (past, present and future), which holds that life is changing and at the same time continuous, neither eternal nor nihilistic.			译文
376	究竟圆满	enlightenment
377	解脱	liberation/freedom/deliverance/release	The state of liberation from suffering and rebirth. The term is often used as a synonym for nirvāṇa			DOT术语库
378	解脱	Deliverance, salvation, liberation	especially from suffering, birth, old age and death	mukta, parimocana, visam!yoga, pramukta		【汉英-英汉-英英辞典】
379	娑婆世界	Saha World/endurance world	World that must be endured			DDB
380	现世乐		enjoyment in the present life
381	来世乐		happiness of future lives
382	涅槃究竟乐		the ultimate happiness of Nirvana
383	色身	body				DOT术语库
384	色身	physical body	In Sanskrit and Pāli, “physical body,” a term that seems to have been used originally to refer to the physical body of the Buddha, as opposed to the body or corpus of the Buddha’s marvelous qualities, which were referred to as the DHARMAKĀYA.	rūpakāya		PDB
385	阿赖耶识	the Alaya Consciousness.	The notion of the store consciousness arose out of early problems surrounding the continuity of both karmic potential and the afflictions (kleśa; nyon mongs) in a latent state (anuśaya; bag la nyal ba) that had been generated by the Abhidharma emphasis upon momentary processes of mind. How, after all, could these two essential components of saṃsāric existence, which are eliminated only toward the end of the path, continuously persist if oneʼs mental stream (saṃtāna; rgyud) were comprised solely of whatever dharmas (chos) were momentarily present and manifest in mind.The ālayavijñāna thus came to denote the mental processes that underlie each and every moment of the traditional six forms of manifest cognitive awareness (pravṛtti-vijñāna; 'jug pa'i rnam par shes pa)—a term coined to distinguish it from the continuous yet subliminal ālaya or 'home' awareness.			DDB
386	业因	karma-cause	good or evil act as the cause of a good or evil effect			DDB
387	解脱自在		attaining liberation and freedom
388	名与实（名相与实相）	名相： Name and form, name and appearance 实相：reality	名相：that which is seen with the eyes and that which is heard with the ears			名相：《英汉-汉英-英英佛学辞典》中华佛典宝库编 实相：BAICKZ202010词库
389	自性	Own-nature; self-nature	As unchanging essence or principle, this notion is refuted by the Buddhist doctrine of emptiness			【汉英-英汉-英英辞典】
390	欢喜	Happiness, joy, bliss	A joy that is produced by religious fulfillment, that which uplifts the whole person.			【汉英-英汉-英英辞典】
391	假名	dependent designation		prajn~apti	pan~n~atti	dependent designation「假名施设」来自《菩提道次第略论广论》中英文对照，巴利语和梵文来自《佛光大辞典》
392	名言	verbal expressions	Those things which are vehicles for expression			《英汉-汉英-英英佛学辞典》中华佛典宝库编
393	错觉	hallucination		gandharva		《菩提道次第略论广论》中英文对照
394	因缘和 合	The union of causes and conditions.				【汉英-英汉-英英辞典】
395	安立	To set up, establish, provisionally establish; to posit	A teaching, or description of reality that is made through distinctions,	pratistha^, pratisthita, ropana, vyavastha^na, sannive/sa		【汉英-英汉-英英辞典】
396	金刚般若波罗蜜经	The Vajracchedika Prajnaparamita Sutra				一行禅师翻译版
397	永恒	eternity				《菩提道次第略论广论》中英文对照
398	无常	impermanence	The fact that all things are impermanent is one of the basic premises of Buddhism			《英汉-汉英-英英佛学辞典》中华佛典宝库编
399	如实	True, real	To go along with reality	yatha^-bhu^tam		【汉英-英汉-英英辞典】
400	圆满	To fill (up). To satisfy. To complete, to consummate	especially completion of wisdom	paripu^ri, nispatti, sam!a^pti		【汉英-英汉-英英辞典】
401	觉悟者：觉（悟）者	"Awakened one," "enlightened one." The Buddha, a buddha.				【汉英-英汉-英英辞典】
402	解脱道	The path of liberation	One of the graduated paths of practices that appears in various Yoga^ca^ra texts, also one of the four paths taught in Abhidharma	vimoks!a-ma^rga		【汉英-英汉-英英辞典】
403	有情	Sentient being	Before Hsüan-tsang 玄奘, this term was written in Chinese as zhongsheng 众生 but after his time was translated with this term. All living beings.	sattva		【汉英-英汉-英英辞典】
404	无明	Ignorance	Literally, it means darkness without illuminatio			【汉英-英汉-英英辞典】
405	正见	'Right view,' 'correct view.'	the view which complies with the Buddhist teaching of causalit			【汉英-英汉-英英辞典】
406	八正道	Eightfold Path	The eight right ways for the Arhat leading to Nirvana
407	因缘因果	因缘：causes and conditions 因果：Cause and effect	因果： If there is a cause there must be an effect and vice versa			因缘：【汉英-英汉-英英辞典】 因果：《英汉-汉英-英英佛学辞典》
408	善因	Good causation	a good cause for a good effect			A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms
409	招感	associate				《菩提道次第略论广论》中英文对照
410	成住坏空
411	无我	Selflessness	Absence of self, non-self. The lack of existence of an inherent self, soul, or self, from the standpoint of Buddhist analysis. The empirical self is merely an aggregation of various elements, and with their disintegration it ceases to exist; therefore it has no ultimate reality of its own. This is one of the most important philosophical concepts in all of Buddhism, and is understood as having been one of the primary realizations attained by Śākyamuni in his enlightenment experience .	anātman, nairātmya	anattan, anattā	fodict, DDB
412	无我	Non-self	the third of the “three marks” (TRILAKṢAṆA) of existence, along with impermanence (ANITYA)and suffering (DUḤKHA). since all compounded things are the fruition (PHALA) of a specific set of causes (HETU) and conditions (PRATYAYA), they are therefore absent of any perduring substratum of being.	anattā	anātman	PDB
413	空	Emptiness	The Sanskrit word is Sunya. One of the key concepts in Buddhism. Emptiness is an abstract idea representing impermanence, unreality, instability, transience and relativity in the nature of all existence. The doctrine states that all phenomena and the ego have no reality, but are composed of a certain number of Skandhas or elements, which disintegrate. The doctrine also states that everything is unstable, possessing no self-essence or self-nature, i.e., its own existence dependent or caused by the conditions of others' existence. Emptiness is not nothing, but it is the condition of existence of everything. It permeates all phenomena making possible their evolution.	Sunya		fodict
414	我执	self-clinging	To posit a self; also written 我取, 人執. The attachment to the notion of an enduring, inherent self , which is the basis for the activity of all the afflictive hindrances 煩惱障. This attachment is considered to be something that can be eliminated by the practitioners of the two vehicles 二乘, being less subtle than the attachment to dharmas 法執 (Skt. ahaṃ-kāra, ātma-grāha, ahaṃkāra-manaskāratā, ahaṃ-kṛti, ātma-dṛṣṭi, ātma-sneha, ātmâbhiniveśa, ātmêti, ātmôpalambha, sāhaṃkāra-manaskāratā; Tib. nga rgyal, bdag tu 'dzin pa). 〔瑜伽論 T 1579.30.307c26, 成唯識論 T 1585.31.2a9〕 [Charles Muller; source(s): Nakamura, Stephen Hodge, JEBD,Yokoi] Self-centeredness, egocentrism; attachment to the view that oneʼs opinion is right. [Charles Muller; source(s): Nakamura, JEBD, Yokoi]	ātma-grāha		fodict, DDB
415	我执	self-attachment	In Sanskrit, “clinging to self” or “conception of self”; the fundamental ignorance that is the ultimate cause of suffering (DUḤKHA) and rebirth (SAṂSĀRA). Although the self does not exist in reality, the mistaken conception that a self exists (SATKĀYADṚṢṬI) constitutes the most fundamental form of clinging, which must be eliminated through wisdom (PRAJÑĀ).	ātmagraha	attagaha	PDB
416	贪嗔痴	greed, hatred and ignorance	The three basic afflictions from which all other afflictions are derived: (1) desire, craving (貪欲 rāga); (2) anger, aversion (瞋恚 dveṣa); and (3) nescience, folly (愚癡 moha). Also written more simply as 貪, 瞋 and 癡. Also known as the three unwholesome roots 三不善根 and three stumps 三株.	rāga,dveṣa, moha		fodict, DDB
417	杀盗淫妄	killing, stealing, sexual misconducts and lying				fodict
418	恶业	evil karma	An unwholesome action; Evil deeds, as opposed to good deeds. Evil conduct of word, thought and deed, which leads to evil retribution. There are ten of these 十惡.	akuśala-karma		fodict, DDB
419	观照	contemplation	meditative enlightenment on reality			DDB
420	执着	attachment	Holding to things and being unable to let go	abhinive/sa, nibhandhana		【汉英-英汉-英英辞典】
421	四大假合	a provisional combination of four elements	the physical world of materiality or form (RŪPA) is composed. According toABHIDHARMA analysis, these elements involve not only the common manifestations of earth (PṚTHIVĪ; P. paṭhavī), water (ĀPAS; P. āpo), fire (TEJAS; P. tejo), and wind (VĀYU; P. vāyu/vāyo), but also the fundamental qualities of the physical world that these elements represent.	mahābhūta	mahābhūta	PDB
422	本自具足
423	佛性	Buddha-nature	In Sanskrit, “buddha-element,” or “buddha-nature”; the inherent potential of all sentient beings to achieve buddhahood.	buddhadhātu		PDB
424	阿弥陀佛	Amitabha Buddha	Amitaba is the Buddha of Limitless Light or Amitâyus (the Buddha of Limitless Life).It's a Buddha who possesses infinite meritorious qualities; who expounds the Dharma in his pure paradise (Sukhāvatī) in the West. According to tradition Amitâbha was in ancient times a king who, having come in contact with the Buddhist teaching, renounced his throne and became a monk with the name of Dharmâkara. He resolved to become a Buddha and in this way to come into possession of a paradise in which all who call his name might be born into a life of unbounded joy.			DDB
425	五欲	five desires	1) Five kinds of desire that arise from attachment to the objects of eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and body. The desires of regular people. Also a reference to the five objects themselves in the sense that they are the cause of these desires: form, sound, fragrance, flavor, and tactility. 2) The five desires of wealth, sex, food, fame, and sleep.			DDB
426	华严	Huayan	The Huayan (or Flower Garland) school of Buddhism is a tradition of Mahayana Buddhist philosophy that first flourished in China during the Tang dynasty. The Huayan worldview is based primarily on the Avatamsaka Sutra. The name Flower Garland is meant to suggest the crowning glory of a Buddha's profound understanding of ultimate reality. The Huayan School is known as Hwaeom in Korea, Kegon in Japan and Hoa Nghiêm in Vietnam. This tradition also had a strong influence on Chan Buddhism.			Wikipedia
427	净宗	Pure Land school	A broad branch of Mahayana Buddhism and one of the most widely practiced traditions of Buddhism in East Asia. Pure Land is a tradition of Buddhist teachings that are focused on the Buddha Amitābha. The three primary texts of the tradition, known as the "Three Pure Land Sutras", are the Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra, Amitayurdhyana Sutra and the Shorter Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra. Pure Land oriented practices and concepts are found within basic Mahāyāna Buddhist cosmology, and form an important component of the Mahāyāna Buddhist traditions of China, Japan, Korea, Tibet and Vietnam.Pure Land Buddhism is built on the belief that there will never be a world which is not corrupt, so the rebirth in another plane, referred to as the "Pure Land" is the goal.			Wikipedia
428	念佛	remembrance of the Buddhaʼs name	To be mindful of the meritorious virtues of the Buddha. Most well known as a practice of the Pure Land school, which entails the verbal chanting of the name of Amitâbha Buddha for the purpose of obtaining rebirth in the Pure Land. Repetition is done both audibly and inaudibly. It is one of the thirty-eight meditation subjects and the ten recollections.			DDB
429	轮回	samsara	This is the expression of the ancient Indian idea that all living things repeatedly pass through life and death. Like a continually spinning wheel, sentient beings are reincarnated and die without end. In Buddhism, one is said to transmigrate through the triple realm (desire, form and formless realms) and the six destinies (god, demigod, human, animal, hungry ghost, hell-being).	saṃsāra		DDB
430	六尘	six objects	The six fields of the senses, i. e. the objective fields of sight, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching, and thought.			DDB
431	天台	Tiantai	An East Asian Buddhist school of Mahayana that developed in sixth century China. The school emphasizes the Lotus Sutra's doctrine of the "One Vehicle" as well as Madhyamaka philosophy, particularly as articulated in the works of the fourth patriarch Zhiyi (538–597 CE). The name of the school is derived from the fact that Zhiyi lived on Tiantai Mountain, which then became a major center for the tradition. Tiantai is sometimes also called "The Lotus School", after the central role of the Lotus Sutra in its teachings. According to Paul Swanson, Tiantai Buddhism grew to become "one of the most influential Buddhist traditions in China and Japan."			Wikipedia
432	三藏	Tripitaka	The Buddhist canon, traditionally categorized into three divisions. These are the sūtra-piṭaka (sermons collection), vinaya-piṭaka (rules collection), and the abhidharma-piṭaka (philosophical treatises collection).	tripiṭaka	tipiṭaka	DDB
433	三宝	Triple Gem	The basic set of three are (1) the Buddha; (2) the Dharma (Buddhist teachings), and (3) the Sangha (community of monks and nuns).			DDB
434	十二部	Twelve Divisions of Sutras	The sutras divided according to genre, including: 1) sūtra, the Buddhaʼs discourses; 2) geya, verses; 3) gāthā, verse part of a discourse; 4) nidāna, historical narratives; 5) itivṛttaka, activities of Buddha or his disciples in past lives; 6) jātaka, Buddhaʼs past life stories; 7) adbhuta-dharma, Buddhaʼs miraculous acts; 8) avadāna, legends; 9) upadeśa, didactic lessons; 10) udāna, teachings offered by the Buddha without prompting; 11) vaipulya, expanded teachings; 12) vyākaraṇa, guarantees of future attainment.			DDB
435	极乐	ultimate bliss	It's the highest joy (Skt. sukha). Also Sukhāvatī, the name of the Pure Land of Amitâbha Buddha.			DDB